2. Indirect N₂O Emissions
According to the IPCC, there are the following pathways through which anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen could result in the formation of N₂O:

• Atmospheric deposition on soils of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and ammonium (NH₄) with the sources of nitrogen including volatilization of nitrogen inputs to soils as well as combustion and industrial process sources. Note that according to the IPCC good practice guidance these emissions should be reported where the originating activity is reported (see equation 4.33);
• Leaching and runoff of nitrogen that is applied to soils;
• Disposal of sewage nitrogen;
• Formation of N₂O in the atmosphere from NH₃ emissions originating from anthropogenic activities;
• Disposal of effluents from food processing and other operations;